Oxidation:
Definition: Oxidation is a chemical reaction in which an atom, ion, or molecule loses electrons.
Example: In the reaction of iron with oxygen to form iron oxide (rust), iron loses electrons and is oxidized:
Reduction:
Definition: Reduction is the process where an atom, ion, or molecule gains electrons.
Example: In the reaction where copper(II) oxide is reduced to copper metal, copper(II) ions gain electrons:
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+
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2
→
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+
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2
�
CuO+H
2
→Cu+H
2
O
Here,
�
�
2
+
Cu
2+
ions gain electrons and are reduced to copper metal.
Distillation:
Definition: Distillation is a separation process used to separate mixtures based on differences in boiling points. It involves heating the mixture to evaporate the more volatile component, followed by condensation to collect it.
Example: In separating saltwater, water evaporates and is condensed back into liquid form, leaving the salt behind:
Saltwater
→
Water vapor
→
Condensed water
+
Salt
Saltwater→Water vapor→Condensed water+Salt
Thermal Decomposition:
Definition: Thermal decomposition is a reaction where a compound breaks down into two or more substances when heated.
Example: The decomposition of calcium carbonate into calcium oxide and carbon dioxide when heated:
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�
3
→
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�
+
�
�
2
CaCO
3
→CaO+CO
2
Titration:
Definition: Titration is a technique used to determine the concentration of a solution by reacting it with a solution of known concentration (the titrant). The reaction continues until the equivalence point is reached, indicated by a color change or other signal.
Example: Determining the concentration of hydrochloric acid in a solution by titrating it with a sodium hydroxide solution of known concentration:
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+
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�
�
→
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�
�
�
+
�
2
�
HCl+NaOH→NaCl+H
2
O
The point at which the amount of acid equals the amount of base is the equivalence point.
Each of these reactions plays a crucial role in various chemical processes, whether in industrial applications, laboratory analyses, or everyday life.